Journal

Buddhist Astral Science in Asia

Buddhist Astral Science in Asia

 

Topics:

1 Content of Astral science

2 Buddhist astral science in practice: Astral science in Thai Buddhism (patithin, horasat)

3 Astral science in Pāli Canon (Uposatha and the recitation of Pāṭimokkā; Eclipses; Abhidharma)

4 Mahāyāna texts: Astronomy and astrology in Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna, Mahāsaṃnipāta 

5 Kumārajīva’s astral science and Amoghavajra’s Xiuyao jing

7 Planetary science and planetary worship (navagrahaśāntipūja)

Kumārajīva’s astral learning

On 24 Apr., 2016, I gave a presentation titled “Kumārajīva’s astral learning as seen in his translation/compilation of Dazhidulun” at the “International seminar on Kumārajīva studies” organized by the World Buddhist University. Five years ago I read a paper titled “Kumārajīva and Prajñāpāramitā” in Delhi at the conference “Kumārajīva: Philosopher and Seer” organized by the IGNCA. The paper was published last year. In my presentation, I discussed the source of Kumārajīva’s astronomical and astrological knowledge which he was renowned for. The analysis of Kumārajīva’s “four types of months” (solar, civil, lunar, and sidereal) was presented in 2014, at the XVII Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies (Universität Wien, Vienna) and was published in the journal Historia Scientiarum 24-2 (2015): 59-75. The Dazhidulun (*Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa) is truly a Buddhist encyclopedia. Lamotte’s annotated French translation, though not complete, remains one of great works of modern Buddhist scholarship.

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Candimasutta, Suriyasutta

Eclipse, eclipse-god and eclipse worship in Buddhism

Yesterday, I gave a lecture on “Buddhist Astral Science in Asia” to an animated group of post-graduate students at the Chulalongkorn University. No one fell asleep during the three-hours starry presentation in a breezy afternoon. I was asked some interesting questions and learned something new also about the rich astral tradition in Thai Buddhism.

Topics we covered: Buddhism and astral science, Uposatha and Buddhist luni-solar calendar according to the Pāli Canon, astral iconography across Buddhist traditions in Asia, cosmological Buddhist architecture in Bangkok (Wat Pho and Wat Arun), Greco-Egyptian origin of planetary weekday and astral worship in Thai Buddhism.

I read with the students two passages from the Pāli Canon. One from the Mahavagga that talks about the origin of the Uposatha and recitation of Pāṭimokkhā twice a month, that is, at the end of a pakṣa to be precise. One from the Candimasutta in the Saṃyuttanikāya where the lunar eclipse was described in a dramatic and didactic manner. The Candimasutta was followed by a practically identical Suriyasutta where the solar eclipse was described instead. The curious thing about these texts is that they reflect the Buddha’s disinterest in the subject on one hand, and the saṃgha’s growing interest and need to learn about more advanced astral science on the other.

The myth of an eclipse-causing monster is ancient and is found in many ancient cultures. From the Near East sources, there were references to a mythical dragon which caused eclipse by devouring or wrapping around the Moon and it was origin of the constellation Draco. Varāhamihira in his Bṛhatsaṃhitā also mentioned about “someone’s” theory about the eclipse caused by the head and tail of a serpent. These ideas converged with the old Vedic eclipse anti-god Svarbhānu and eventually evolved into the two eclipse-causing pseudoplanets Rāhu and Ketu, which joined the patheon of grahas. The early Buddhist texts Candimasutta and Suriyasutta are curious in the sense that they attested to the very early stage of evolution of the eclipse myth in India, where there was only one eclipse-causing entity, namely Rāhu. The Moon and the Sun, frightened of being devoured, sought refuge in the Buddha, who came to their rescue and commanded Rāhu to release them.

On Saturday, together with the students we may visit a temple in Nakhon Pathom which worships the moon-eating demon Rāhu with “black objects”. The Thai name Nakhon Pathom comes from Pāli Nagarapraṭhama, meaning “the first city” refers to the long history of the region, which was the heart of the ancient Dvāravatī Kingdom (6th – 11th century) . It was believed that Buddhism entered this region at a very early age, possibly before the time of Aśoka in the third century BC. Although Thailand is now a Theravāda country, there was a layer of other forms of Buddhism in its early history. Most notably, there were Śaiva, Vaiṣṇava and also Mahāyāna influences as in the case of the neighboring Khmer Empire, as well as the Śrivijaya Kingdom further south in the Malay archipelago. The Indian astral practices were likely imported into the region through these different forms of Indian religions. The Thai Buddhists eventually absorbed these practices into their own worship.

By sheer coincidence, today morning we have a partial solar eclipse here in Bangkok, right outside my window. Since the eclipse was only 42%, it was really too bright to observe with naked eyes and you can see that the whole city just went on as normal without making a fuss. Luckily a few clouds helped to filter the light, and I managed to take a reasonably good photo when the eclipse was at its maximum.

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